Output and Growth


• The agriculture sector (including allied activities) in India accounted for 15.7 per cent of the GDP (at constant 2004-05 prices), in 2008-09, compared to 18.9 per cent in 2004-05, and contributed approximately 10.2 per cent of total exports during 2008-09$$$
• Total foodgrains production in 2008-09 was estimated at 233.88 million tonnes as against 230.78 million tonnes in 2007-08$$$
• Deficiency in rainfall in the south-west monsoon season during 2009, particularly in July and August, severely affected kharif crops, especially paddy$$$
• As per the first advance estimates (kharif only) for 2009-10, production of foodgrains is estimated at 98.83 million tonnes which is lower than the target of 125.15 million tonnes set for the year as also lower than the fourth advance estimates (kharif only) of 117.70 million tonnes for 2008-09$$$
• As per the first advance estimates, the production of kharif rice is at 71.65 million tonnes in 2009-10, a decrease of about 15 per cent over 2008-09 levels and 17 per cent over the target for 2009-10$$$
• Total kharif production of coarse cereals in 2009-10 is expected to decline to 22.76 million tonnes against 28.34 million tonnes in 2008-09 and a target of 32.65 million tonnes for kharif 2009-10$$$
• The overall production of kharif cereals in 2009-10 is expected to decline by 18.51 million tonnes over 2008-09$$$
• Total production of kharif pulses is estimated at 4.42 million tonnes in 2009-10, which is 8 per cent lower than the production during 2008-09 and 32 per cent lower than the targeted production for 2009-10$$$
• Total kharif production of the nine oilseeds is estimated at 152.33 lakh tonnes in 2009-10, which is about 15 per cent lower than the kharif production in 2008-09$$$.
• The livestock and fisheries sector contributed over 4.07 per cent of the total GDP during 2008-09 and about 26.84 per cent value of output from total agriculture and allied activities$$$
• In 2008-09, livestock and fisheries sector contributed 108.5 million tonnes of milk, 55.6 billion eggs, 42.7 million kg wool and 3.8 million tonnes of meat. The 17th Livestock Census (2003) has placed the total livestock population at 485 million and total of poultry birds at 489 million$$$
• India produces more than 55.6 billion eggs per year, with per capita availability of 47 eggs per annum. As per the estimate provided by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) for 2008, the annual chicken meat production in India is around 2.49 million tonnes. The value of exports was around Rs 422 crore during 2008-09$$$
• India ranks first in world milk production, its production having increased from 17 million tonnes in 1950-51 to 108.5 million tonnes by 2008-09. The per capita availability of milk has increased from 112 grams per day in 1968-69 to 258 grams per day in 2008-09, but is still low compared to the world average of 265 grams per day$$$
• About 80 per cent of milk produced in the country is handled in the unorganized sector and the remaining 20 per cent is equally shared by cooperatives and private dairies. Over 1.33 lakh village-level dairy cooperative societies, spread over 265 districts in the country, collect about 25.1 million litres of milk per day and market about 20 million litres$$$
• Fish production increased from 7.1 million tonnes in 2007-08 to 7.6 million tonnes in 2008-09. Fishing, aquaculture and allied activities are reported to have provided livelihood to over 14 million persons in 2006-07 apart from being a major foreign exchange earner$$$
• Growth rate (over the previous year) of real gross domestic product (GDP) originating from agriculture and allied activities has dwindled to 2.6 percent during 2008-09 from 4.9 percent during 2007-08*
• Real GDP growth during the third quarter of 2008-09 was lower at 5.3 per cent as compared with 8.9 per cent in the corresponding period of 2007-08*
• The trend growth rate of GDP originating from agriculture has increased from 4.0 percent per annum during the Fifth Five Year Plan to 4.2 percent per annum during the Tenth Five Year Plan**

$$$ Economic Survey 2009-2010, http://im4change.org/docs/4743chapter08.pdf
* Reserve Bank of India Bulletin, May 2009, http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Bulletin/PDFs/MACPOL1.pdf
** National Accounts Statistics, Central Statistical Organisation

Interesting facts about Indian agriculture #

• Percentage of area under field crops cultivated using HYV or hybrid (improved) seeds is 59%
• Percentage of area under field crops cultivated using fertilizers is 81%
• Percentage of area under field crops cultivated using manure is 74%
• Percentage of area under field crops cultivated using pesticides is 47%
• Percentage of area under field crops cultivated using weedicides is 22%
• Percentage of area under field crops cultivated using irrigation is 66%
• Percentage of area under field crops cultivated using tractors and power tillers is 54%
• Percentage of area under field crops cultivated using harvestors and harvestor combines is 6%
• Percentage of area under field crops cultivated with improved seeds in the case of paddy (kharif) is 51%
• Percentage of area under field crops cultivated with improved seeds in the case of paddy (rabi) is 66%
• Percentage of area under field crops cultivated with improved seeds in the case of wheat is 63%
• Percentage of area under field crops cultivated with improved seeds in the case of other cereals is 64%
• Percentage of area under field crops cultivated with improved seeds in the case of pulses is 47%
• Percentage of area under field crops located in villages with Govt. irrigation canals is 25%
• Percentage of mechanically-tilled area using hired tractor/ power-tiller is 72%
• Percentage of rural households engaged in field-crop cultivation is 61%
• Percentage of field-crop cultivator (FCC)* households owning 1 hectare or less of land is 62%
• Percentage of irrigated area hiring irrigation services from other households in canal areas is 40%
• Percentage of irrigated area hiring irrigation services from other households in non-canal areas is 49%

* The category ‘cultivator households’ includes also those households who were reported to have some area under orchards or plantations but none devoted to cultivation of seasonal crops. As distinct from a cultivator household, a field-crop cultivator (FCC) household is defined as one which reported cultivation of at least one field crop during the agricultural year.

# Cultivation Practices in India, Report No. 451(54/31/3), NSS 54th Round, January 1998 – June 1998:

Land and Labour

• Agricultural population as a percentage of total population has declined from 54.9 percent in 1995 to 49.9 percent in 2005&
• Agricultural land as a percentage of total land in India was 57.1 percent, while the same ratio at the world level stood at 11.9 percent during 2005
• Ratio of agricultural land to agricultural population in India has declined from 0.32 hectare per person in 1995 to 0.30 hectare per person in 2005&
• Ratio of agricultural land to agricultural population in India (0.30 hectare per person) was lower as compared to that of the entire world (0.59 hectare per person) during 2005&

& Selected Indicators of Food and Agriculture Development in Asia - Pacific Region, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok

Food Availability

• Though net availability of foodgrains (per day per capita) has increased from 394.9 grams in 1951 to 439.3 grams in 2007, there have been years when the net availability figures dipped to as low as 416.2 grams for example in 2001****
• Net availability of pulses, which is an important source of protein, has declined from 60.7 grams in 1951 to 29.4 grams per day in 2007****
• Net availability of rice (per day per capita) came down from over 200 grams during the 1990s to below 200 grams during the 2000s****

**** Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India

Price Situation

Migration

• Traditional rural-urban migration has seen a gradual increase, with its share in total migration rising from 16.5% to 21.1% between 1971 and 2001&&
• In India, 73 million people in rural areas have migrated from 1991–2001; of which 53 million have moved to other villages and 20 million to urban areas – a majority of them in search of work&&
• It is estimated that 98 million people moved within the country between 1991 & 2001&&
• On the basis of net migrants by last residence during the past decade (1991-2001), i.e., the difference between in–migration and out–migration, in each state, Maharastra stands at the top of the list with 2.3 million net migrants, followed by Delhi (1.7 million), Gujarat (0.68 million) and Haryana (0.67 million)+
• Uttar Pradesh (-2.6 million) and Bihar (-1.7 million) were the two states with largest number of net migrants migrating out of the state+  

&&Managing the Exodus: Grounding Migration in India, American India Foundation, http://www.aifoundation.org/documents/Report-ManagingtheExodus.pdf
+Census 2001, http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/migrations.aspx

Poverty and Human Development 

• As per the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Human Development Report 2009 (HDR 2009), the Human Development Index (HDI) for India in 2007 was 0.612 on the basis of which India is ranked 134 out of 182 countries of the world placing it at the same rank as in 2006$$$
• The value of HDI for India gradually increased from 0.427 in 1980 to 0.556 in 2000 and went up to 0.612 in 2007$$$
• At 36.8, India’s Gini index was more favourable than that of comparable countries like Brazil (55), Turkey (43.2), Thailand (42.5), China (41.5), Indonesia (39.4), Vietnam (37.8) and even the USA (40.8), Singapore (42.5), Hong Kong(43.4) and Portugal(38.5), which are otherwise ranked very high in human development$$$
• Life expectancy at birth in India was 63.4 years in 2007 as against 80.5 years in Norway, 81.4 years in Australia, 74.0 years in Srilanka and 72.9 years in China$$$
• Adult literacy rate (aged 15 and above) in 1999-2007 was 66.0 percent in India as against near 100 per cent in many of the developed nations, 93.3 per cent in China and 92.0 per cent in Indonesia. Combined gross enrolment ratio in education in 2007 was 61 per cent in India as against 99.3 per cent in Canada, 98.6 per cent in Norway, 78.0 per cent in Thailand and 76.4 per cent in Egypt$$$
• In terms of the Gender Development Index (GDI), with an index value of 0.594, India ranks 114 out of 155 countries$$$
• Agricultural labour households accounted for 41% of rural poor in 1993–94 as well as in 2004–05%&
• Among social groups, Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and backward castes accounted for 80% of the rural poor in 2004–05%&
• The number of poor in rural areas in the country as a whole has declined from 2613 lakhs in 1973 to 2209 lakhs in 2004–05%&
• The exact number of BPL households may vary according to the definition of poverty line one selects. In that case, it would be difficult to target the original BPL households under the new Food Security law. There are four different estimates for the number of BPL households: one by Prof. Arjun Sengupta (www.nceus.gov.in), another by Dr. NC Saxena (www.sccommissioners.org), World Bank estimates and the Planning Commission estimates%$.
• According to Prof. Arjun Sengupta who chaired the National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector, 77% of the population of India lives below the poverty line. Dr. NC Saxena, a retired civil servant acting as a Commissioner appointed by the Supreme Court, feels that half the country’s population of 1.15 billion is below the poverty line, which he apparently defines as a monthly per capita income of Rs 700 in rural areas and Rs 1,000 in urban areas. While a Planning Commission estimate puts the number of below poverty line (BPL) families at 62.5 million, state governments estimate that this number is closer to 107 million. Some experts feel that availing the public with more number of BPL ration cards help the state-level politicians to win elections through populist means. The World Bank’s figure for the percentage of population below the poverty line in India is 42 per cent, based on 2005 data%$.
• According to the Economic Survey 2008-09, the Uniform Recall Period (URP) Consumption distribution data of National Sample Survey (NSS) 61st Round places the poverty ratio at 28.3 per cent in rural areas, 25.7 per cent in urban areas and 27.5 per cent for the country as a whole in 2004-05. The corresponding poverty ratios from the Mixed Recall Period (MRP) consumption distribution data are 21.8 per cent for rural areas, 21.7 per cent for urban areas and 21.8 per cent for India as a whole. While the former consumption data uses 30-day recall/reference period for all items of consumption, the latter uses 365-day recall/reference period for five infrequently purchased non-food items, namely, clothing, footwear, durable goods, education and institutional medical expenses and 30-day recall/reference period for remaining items. The percentage of poor in 2004-05 estimated from URP consumption distribution of NSS 61st Round of consumer expenditure data are comparable with the poverty estimates of 1993-94 (50th Round) which was 36 per cent for the country as a whole. The percentage of poor in 2004-05 estimated from MRP consumption distribution of NSS 61st Round of consumer expenditure data are roughly comparable with the poverty estimates of 1999-2000 (55th Round) which was 26.1 per cent for the country as a whole

$$$ Economic Survey 2009-2010, http://im4change.org/docs/27052chapter11.pdf  

%& 11th Five-Year Plan of the Planning Commission
http://www.planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/11th/11_v3/11v3_ch4.pdf
%$ Poverty of thought, http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/povertythought/362649/
 

Rural Indebtedness

• Most of the indebted households were concentrated in the land classes of area size 0.01-0.40 hectares (i.e. constituted 30.0 percent of the total number of households), area 0.41-1.00 hectares (i.e. constituted 29.8 percent of the total number of households) and area 1.01-2.00 hectares (i.e. constituted 18.8 percent of the total number of households)#
• At the national level, 48.6 farmer households were indebted#
• The average amount of outstanding loan per farmer household at the national level stood at Rs. 12,585#
• Almost 66.4 percent households within the land class of area size >10.0 hectares and 65.1 percent households within the land class of area size 4.01-10.0 hectares were indebted#
• Percentage of indebted farmer households was highest in the state of Andhra Pradesh (82%), to be followed by Tamil Nadu (74.5%), Punjab (65.4%), Kerala (64.4%), Karnataka (61.6%) and Maharastra (54.8%)#

# Report No. 498(59/33/1), Situation Assessment Survey of Farmers: Indebtedness of Farmer Households, National Sample Survey 59th Round (January-December 2003)

International Comparisons

• India’s share in the world rice production was 21.51 percent during 2006, following China (29.01%)*****
• India’s share in the world wheat production was 11.44 percent during 2006, following China (17.24%)*****
• Yield of paddy in India was 3,124 kg per hectare during 2006, which was lower as compared to Bangladesh (3,904 kg per hectare), China (6,265 kg per hectare), Egypt (10,598 kg per hectare) and USA (7,694 kg per hectare)*****
• Yield of wheat in India was 2,619 kg per hectare during 2006, which was lower as compared to China (4,455 kg per hectare), Egypt (6,455 kg per hectare), France (6,740 kg per hectare) and USA (2,825 kg per hectare)*****

***** Food and Agriculture Organisation

Input Utilisation

• The percentage share of Uttar Pradesh in total number of kisan cards issued was highest (19.1%), to be followed by Andhra Pradesh (16.5%), Maharastra (9.5%) and Madhya Pradesh (6.4%), by 31 March, 2007******
• Distribution of certified/ quality seeds for cereals, pulses and oilseeds increased by nearly three folds from 35.35 lakh quintals, 3.29 lakh quintals and 9.66 lakh quintals during 1991-92 to 109.87 lakh quintals, 9.63 lakh quintals and 27.00 lakh quintals during 2006-07, respectively********
• Number of farmers covered under the National Agricultural Insurance Scheme has increased from 5.8 lakh (rabi) and 84.1 lakh (kharif) during 1999-2000 to 40.5 lakh (rabi) and 1.29 crore (kharif) during 2006-07 (rabi), respectively******

****** Credit Division, Ministry of Agriculture
******** Seeds Division, Ministry of Agriculture

Disparities

• Almost 72.2% of the Indian population resides in rural areas*+
• 56.9 percent of the population originates from the age group 15-59 years*+
• Almost 29.3 percent males and 53.9 percent females in rural India are illiterate
• Literacy rate in India stands at 64.8 percent*+
• Rural India (58.7 percent) is less literate than urban India (79.9 percent) *+
• Male literacy rate (75.3 percent) exceeds female literacy rate (53.7 percent) *+
• Kerala (90.9 percent) is the state with the highest literacy rate and Bihar (47.0) is the state with the lowest literacy rate*+
• Sex ratio in rural India is 946 females per 1,000 males, while sex ration in urban India is 900 females per 1,000 males*+
• Kerala (1,058 females per 1,000 males) is the state with the highest sex ratio and Haryana (861 females per 1,000 males) is the state with the lowest sex ratio*+
• Work participation rate among males (51.7 percent) exceed work participation rate among females (25.6 percent) *+
• The highest number of disabled has been reported from the state of Uttar Pradesh (3.6 million) *+

*+Census India 2001, www.censusindia.gov.in

Basic Indicators

• Under-5 mortality rank 49
• Under-5 mortality rate, 1990 117
• Under-5 mortality rate, 2007 72
• Infant mortality rate (under 1), 1990 83
• Infant mortality rate (under 1), 2007 54
• Neonatal mortality rate, 2004 39
• Total population (thousands), 2007 1169016
• Annual no. of births (thousands), 2007 27119
• Annual no. of under-5 deaths (thousands), 2007 1953
• GNI per capita (US$), 2007 950
• Life expectancy at birth (years), 2007 64
• Total adult literacy rate (%), 2000–2007* 66
• Primary school net enrolment/ attendance (%), 2000–2007* 83
• %  share of household income 1995–2005*, lowest 40% 19
• %  share of household income 1995–2005*, highest 20% 45

Definitions and data sources

Nutrition  

• %  of infants with low birthweight, 2000–2007* 28
• %  of children (2000–2007*) who are:  exclusively breastfed (<6 months) 46
• %  of children (2000–2007*) who are: breastfed with complementary food (6–9 months) 57
• %  of children (2000–2007*) who are: still breastfeeding (20–23 months) 77
• %  of under-fives (2000–2007*) suffering from: underweight† (WHO ref. pop.): moderate ; & severe 43
• %  of under-fives (2000–2007*) suffering from: underweight† (NCHS/WHO): moderate ; & severe 46
• %  of under-fives (2000–2007*) suffering from: wasting? (NCHS/WHO): moderate ; & severe 19
• %  of under-fives (2000–2007*) suffering from: stunting? (NCHS/WHO): moderate ; & severe 38
• Vitamin A supplementation coverage rate (6–59 months) 2007: at least one dose‡ (%) 53
• Vitamin A supplementation coverage rate (6–59 months) 2007: full coverage? (%) 33
• %  of households consuming iodized salt: 2000–2007* 51

Definitions and data sources

Health  

• %  of population using improved drinking-water sources, 2006, total 89
• %  of population using improved drinking-water sources, 2006, urban 96
• %  of population using improved drinking-water sources, 2006, rural 86
• %  of population using improved sanitation facilities, 2006, total 28
• %  of population using improved sanitation facilities, 2006, urban 52
• %  of population using improved sanitation facilities, 2006, rural 18
• %  of routine EPI vaccines financed by government, 2007, total 100
• Immunization 2007: 1-year-old children immunized against: TB: corresponding vaccines: BCG 85
• Immunization 2007: 1-year-old children immunized against: DPT: corresponding vaccines:DPT1b 81
• Immunization 2007: 1-year-old children immunized against: DPT: corresponding vaccines: DPT3b 62
• Immunization 2007: 1-year-old children immunized against: Polio: corresponding vaccines: polio 362
• Immunization 2007: 1-year-old children immunized against: Measles: corresponding vaccines: measles 67
• Immunization 2007: 1-year-old children immunized against: HepB: corresponding vaccines: HepB 36
• Immunization 2007: % newborns protected against tetanus 86
• % under-fives with suspected pneumonia taken to an appropriate health-care provider, 2000–2007* 69
• % under-fives with suspected pneumonia taken to an appropriate health-care provider, 2000–2007* 13
• % under-fives with diarrhoea receiving oral rehydration and continued feeding, 2000–2007* 33
• Malaria 2003–2007*, % under-fives with fever receiving anti-malarial drugs 8

Definitions and data sources

HIV/ AIDS

• Estimated adult HIV prevalence rate (aged 15–49), 2007 0.3
• Estimated number of people (all ages) living with HIV, 2007 (thousands), estimate 2400
• Estimated number of people (all ages) living with HIV, 2007 (thousands), low estimate 1800
• Estimated number of people (all ages) living with HIV, 2007 (thousands), high estimate 3200
• Mother-to-child transmission, Estimated number of women (aged 15+) living with HIV, 2007 (thousands) 880
• Prevention among young people, HIV prevalence among young people (aged 15–24), 2007, male 0.3
• Prevention among young people, HIV prevalence among young people (aged 15–24), 2007, female 0.3
• Prevention among young people, % who have comprehensive knowledge of HIV, 2002–2007*, male 36
• Prevention among young people, % who have comprehensive knowledge of HIV, 2002–2007*, female 20
• Prevention among young people, % who used condom at last higher-risk sex, 2002–2007*, male 37
• Prevention among young people, % who used condom at last higher-risk sex, 2002–2007*, female 22
• Orphans, Children (aged 0–17) orphaned due to all causes, 2007, estimate (thousands) 25000
• Orphans, Orphan school attendance ratio, 2002–2007* 72

Definitions and data sources

Education

• Youth (15–24 years) literacy rate, 2000–2007*, male 87
• Youth (15–24 years) literacy rate, 2000–2007*, female 77
• Number per 100 population, 2006, phones 15
• Number per 100 population, 2006, Internet users 11
• Primary school enrolment ratio 2000–2007*, gross, male 114
• Primary school enrolment ratio 2000–2007*, gross, female 109
• Primary school enrolment ratio 2000–2007*, gross, male 90
• Primary school enrolment ratio 2000–2007*, gross, female 87
• Primary school attendance ratio 2000–2007*, net, male 85
• Primary school attendance ratio 2000–2007*, net, female 81
• Survival rate to last primary grade (%); 2000–2007*, admin. data 73
• Survival rate to last primary grade (%); 2000–2007*, survey data 95
• Secondary school enrolment ratio 2000–2007*, gross, male 59
• Secondary school enrolment ratio 2000–2007*, gross, female 49
• Secondary school attendance ratio 2000–2007*, net, male 59
• Secondary school attendance ratio 2000–2007*, net, female 49

Definitions and data sources

Demographic Indicators

• Population annual growth rate (%), 1970–1990 2.2
• Population annual growth rate (%), 1990–2007 1.8
• Crude death rate, 1970 16
• Crude death rate, 1990 10
• Crude death rate, 2007 8
• Crude birth rate, 1970 38
• Crude birth rate, 1990 32
• Crude birth rate, 2007 23
• Life expectancy, 1970 49
• Life expectancy, 1990 59
• Life expectancy, 2007 64
• Total fertility rate, 2007 2.8
• % of population urbanized, 2007 29
• Average annual growth rate of urban population (%), 1970–1990 3.5
• Average annual growth rate of urban population (%), 1990–2007 2.8

Definitions and data sources

Economic Indicators

• GNI per capita (US$), 2007 950
• GDP per capita average annual growth rate (%), 1970–1990 2.1
• GDP per capita average annual growth rate (%), 1990–2007 4.5
• Average annual rate of inflation (%), 1990–2007 6
• % of population below international poverty line of US$1.25 per day, 2005 42
• % of central government expenditure (1997–2006*) allocated to: defence 14
• % of central government expenditure (1997–2006*) allocated to: health 2
• % of central government expenditure (1997–2006*) allocated to: education 4
• ODA inflow in millions US$, 2006 1379
• ODA inflow as a % of recipient GNI, 2006 0
• Debt service as a % of exports of goods and services, 1990 25
• Debt service as a % of exports of goods and services, 2006 7

Definitions and data sources

Women

• Life expectancy: females as a % of males, 2007 105
• Adult literacy rate: females as a % of males, 2000–2007* 71
• Enrolment and attendance ratios: females as a % of males , Net primary school 2000–2007*, attending 96
• Enrolment and attendance ratios: females as a % of males , Net secondary school 2000–2007*, attending 83
• Contraceptive prevalence (%), 2000–2007* 56
• Antenatal care coverage (%), At least once, 2000–2007* 74
• Antenatal care coverage (%), At least four times, 2000–2007* 37
• Delivery care coverage (%), Skilled attendant at birth, 2000–2007* 47
• Delivery care coverage (%), Institutional delivery, 2000–2007* 39
• Maternal mortality ratio†, 2000–2007* reported 300
• Maternal mortality ratio†, 2005, adjusted 450
• Maternal mortality ratio†, 2005, Lifetime risk of maternal death. 1 in: 70

Definitions and data sources

Child Protection

• Child labour ; (5–14 years) 1999–2007*, total 12
• Child labour ; (5–14 years) 1999–2007*, male 12
• Child labour ; (5–14 years) 1999–2007*, female 12
• Child marriage ; 1998–2007*, total 47
• Child marriage ; 1998–2007*, urban 29
• Child marriage ; 1998–2007*, rural 56
• Birth registration ; 2000–2007*, total 41
• Birth registration ; 2000–2007*, urban 59
• Birth registration ; 2000–2007*, rural 35
• Attitudes towards domestic violence 2001–2007*, total 54

Definitions and data sources

The Rate of Progress

• Under-5 mortality rank 49
• Under-5 mortality rate, 1970 190
• Under-5 mortality rate, 1990 117
• Under-5 mortality rate, 2007 72
• Average annual rate of reduction (%)T, 1970–1990 2.4
• Average annual rate of reduction (%)T, 1990–2007 2.9
• GDP per capita average annual growth rate (%), 1970–1990 2.1
• GDP per capita average annual growth rate (%), 1990–2007 4.5
• Total fertility rate, 1970 5.4
• Total fertility rate, 1990 4
• Total fertility rate, 2007 2.8
• Average annual rate of reduction (%), 1970–1990 1.5
• Average annual rate of reduction (%), 1990–2007 2

Definitions and data sources