India
National Documents/ReportsIndia/States
Human Development Reportsand State Data
Key Facts
Output and Growth
• The 6.59 million tonnes (about 5.02 per cent) decline in kharif foodgrains production has been on account of late onset of monsoon and deficient rainfall in several states affecting kharif production in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal.
• As per the advance estimates released by CSO on 7th February, 2013, agriculture and allied sectors are estimated to grow at 1.8 percent during 2012-13 as against 3.6 percent during the last year.
• As per the Central Statistics Office (CSO) revised estimates (released on 31st January 2013) of Gross Domestic Product, agriculture and allied sectors grew at 3.6 percent during 2011-12, recording an average rate of growth of 3.6 per cent per year during the 11th Plan (2007-12).
• As a result of openness policy of the government, the ratio of agricultural exports plus imports as a percent of India's GDP increased from 2.5 percent in 2007-08 to 3.5 percent in 2011-12.
• During the 11th Plan (i.e. 2007-08 to 2011-12) the growth performance of agriculture in Madhya Pradesh (7.6%), Chhattisgarh (7.6%), Rajasthan (7.4%), Jharkhand (6.0%) and Karnataka (5.6%), was much higher than that of Punjab (1.6%), Maharashtra (2.0%), Tamil Nadu (2.2%), West Bengal (2.8%), Uttar Pradesh (3.3%) and Haryana (3.3%).
• The key indicator in drivers of agri-growth is Gross Capital Formation (GCF) in agriculture as a percentage to agri-GDP. As a proportion of the value added by agriculture to GDP, GCF in agriculture and allied sectors rose from 14.9 percent in 2006-07 to 19.8 percent in 2011-12.
• Impressive average annual rates of growth in production during 11th Plan (2007-08 to 2011-12) were observed in the case of wheat (4.64%), bajra (7.84%), maize (8.90%), coarse cereals (3.79%), gram (4.62%), tur (4.84%), total pulses (4.28%), groundnut (15.82%), sesamum (8.28%), soyabean (7.71%), total oilseeds (5.54%) and cotton (10.46%).
• The area under jowar (-5.71 percent), bajra (-1.38 percent), small millets (-4.42 percent), ground nuts (-0.86 percent), rapeseed and mustard (-1.69 percent), sunflower (-18.74 percent) and mesta (-7.00 percent) have witnessed a negative average annual growth rates during the 11th Plan. Yields of all the major crops have recorded positive growth during the 11th Plan period.
• The production of rice (both kharif and rabi) is estimated at 101.8 million tonnes, pulses at 17.58 million tonnes, oilseeds at 29.46 million tonnes, sugarcane at 334.54 million tonnes and cotton at 33.80 million bales (of 170 kg. each) in 2012-13.
• The production and productivity of rice has increased from 96.7 million tonnes and 2202 kg per hectare in 2007-08 to 105.31 million tonnes and 2393 kg per hectare respectively in 2011-12.
• Rice yield in Bihar increased from 1.6 tonnes in 2009-10 to 2.2 tonnes per hectare in 2011-12. However, our paddy yield (3.38 tonnes/ha) is much lower than that of our neighbors such as China (6.55 tonnes/ha), Bangladesh (4.18), Indonesia (5.01) and Vietnam (5.32) as per FAO estimates for 2010.
• The area under wheat has increased from 27.99 million hectares in 2006-07 to 29.86 million hectares in 2011-12. The production of wheat in the country has increased from 75.81 million tonnes in 2006-07 to an all time record high of 94.88 million tonnes in 2011-12. The productivity of wheat which was 2602 kg/hectare in 2004-05 has increased to 3177 kg/hectare in 2011-12.
• Total production of coarse cereals, which was 33.46 million tonnes in 2004-05 increased to the so far highest level of 43.40 million tonnes in 2010-11 but declined marginally to 42.04 million tonnes in 2011-12 mainly on account of shift in area to other competing crops.
• Productivity of Maize has also increased significantly from 1912 kg per hectare in 2006-07 to 2478 kg per hectare in 2011-12. The total production of Maize has increased from 15.10 million tonnes in 2006-07 to 21.76 million tonnes in 2011-12.
• There has been a decline in the area coverage under coarse cereals from 29.03 million hectares in 2004-05 to 26.42million hectares in 2011-12. However, the productivity of coarse cereals has increased significantly from 1153 kg per hectare in 2004-05 to 1591 kg per hectare in 2011-12.
• The production of pulses is estimated marginally lower at 17.09 million tonnes in 2011-12. Productivity of pulses has increased from 625 kg per hectare in 2007-08 to 699 kg per hectare in 2011-12.
• The total production of sugarcane during 2011-12 was 361.04 million tonnes and is estimated at 334.541 million tonnes during 2012-13. Yield of sugarcane was recorded at 71.67 tonnes per hectares during the last year (2011-12). This year the yield is estimated (2nd estimate) at 66.08 tonne per hectare. The area under sugarcane has declined from 5.06 million hectares in 2007-08 to 4.17 ha in 2009-10 but increased thereafter and reached to 5.04 million hectares in 2011-12.
• As per the 2nd advance estimate, cotton production during 2012-13 is estimated at 33.80 million bales (of 170 kg each) as against 35.20 million bales in 2011-12.Yield of cotton (590 kg lint/ha) in India is however, substantially below the world average of 745 kg lint/ha. During 2011-12 a record area of 12.18 lakh hectare was sown under cotton.
• While the net sown area has come down from 143 million hectares in 1990-91 to 140 million hectares in 2009-10, the gross cropped area has gone up by 6 million ha, from 186 to 192 million ha during the same period due to increase in the cropping intensity from 130 to 137 percent. 22 percent of the acreage is under paddy which has remained stable during the last two decades. Area under wheat has slightly increased from 13 per cent in 1990-91 to 15 percent in 2009-10. Area under coarse cereals has come down significantly from 19.5 percent to 14.5 per cent during this period.
• During 2010-2011, food grains accounted for the largest share of about 65% of gross cropped area. During the last decade (2000-2001 to 2010-2011) the area under cereals, pulses and oilseeds have increased by about 5.7 million ha, 6 million ha and 4 million ha respectively. However, during the same period the area under coarse cereals has declined by about 2.6 million ha.
• It has been estimated that about 18 to 25% losses in India occur in the entire food supply–chain from production to consumption.
• India is currently producing 257.2 million tonnes of horticulture produce from an area of 23 million ha. Over the last decade, the area under horticulture grew by about 3.8% per annum but production rose by 7.6% per annum.
• With a production of 76.4 million tonnes, fruits accounts for about 30 per cent of the total production of horticulture crops. The area under fruit crops during 2011-12 was 6.7 million ha, which is almost 29 per cent of area under horticulture in India. The area under fruit crops has increased from 4.0 million ha in 2001-02 to 6.7 million ha in 2011-12 with corresponding increase in production from 43.0 to 76.4 million tonnes.
• Vegetables occupied an area of 8.9 million ha during 2011-12 with a total production of 155.9 million tonnes having average productivity of 17.4 tonnes/ha. Vegetable production registered a quantum jump of 77 per cent between 2001-02 and 2011-12.
• India continues to be the largest producer of milk in the world. The estimate of milk production in 2011-12 is 127.9 million tonnes compared to 121.8 million tonnes in 2010-11 and 53.9 million tonnes in 1990-91. Per capita availability of milk at national level has increased from 176 grams per day in 1990-91 to 290 grams per day in 2011-12. Growth in milk production in 2011-12 was about 5% over the previous year.
• Total meat production from cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, pig and poultry at the all India level increased from 4.01 million tonnes in 2007-08 to 5.5 million tonnes in 2011-12. Growth in meat production achieved in 2011-12 was about 13.25% over previous year.
• The estimate of total egg production for the year 2011-12 was 66.4 billion numbers as compared to 21.1 billion during 1990-91. Growth in egg production in 2011-12 was about 5.44% over the previous year.
• India is the second largest producer of fish in the world, contributing about 5.54 percent of global production. The total fish production during 2011-12 is provisionally estimated at 8.85 million tonnes compared to 8.4 million tonnes in 2010-11 with a growth of about 5.3% per annum. More than 60% of fish production is contributed by the inland fisheries, the rest being from the marine sector. The GDP from the fisheries sector at current prices during 2010-11 was Rs. 62,594 crore which is 4.93 percent of the total GDP of agriculture & allied sectors.
Source: State of Indian Agriculture 2012-13,
http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/State
of Indian Agriculture 2012-13.pdf
Interesting facts about Indian agriculture #
• Percentage of area under field crops cultivated using HYV or hybrid (improved) seeds is 59%
• Percentage of area under field crops cultivated using fertilizers is 81%
• Percentage of area under field crops cultivated using manure is 74%
• Percentage of area under field crops cultivated using pesticides is 47%
• Percentage of area under field crops cultivated using weedicides is 22%
• Percentage of area under field crops cultivated using irrigation is 66%
• Percentage of area under field crops cultivated using tractors and power tillers is 54%
• Percentage of area under field crops cultivated using harvestors and harvestor combines is 6%
• Percentage of area under field crops cultivated with improved seeds in the case of paddy (kharif) is 51%
• Percentage of area under field crops cultivated with improved seeds in the case of paddy (rabi) is 66%
• Percentage of area under field crops cultivated with improved seeds in the case of wheat is 63%
• Percentage of area under field crops cultivated with improved seeds in the case of other cereals is 64%
• Percentage of area under field crops cultivated with improved seeds in the case of pulses is 47%
• Percentage of area under field crops located in villages with Govt. irrigation canals is 25%
• Percentage of mechanically-tilled area using hired tractor/ power-tiller is 72%
• Percentage of rural households engaged in field-crop cultivation is 61%
• Percentage of field-crop cultivator (FCC)* households owning 1 hectare or less of land is 62%
• Percentage of irrigated area hiring irrigation services from other households in canal areas is 40%
• Percentage of irrigated area hiring irrigation services from other households in non-canal areas is 49%
* The category ‘cultivator households’ includes also those households who were reported to have some area under orchards or plantations but none devoted to cultivation of seasonal crops. As distinct from a cultivator household, a field-crop cultivator (FCC) household is defined as one which reported cultivation of at least one field crop during the agricultural year.
# Cultivation Practices in India, Report No. 451(54/31/3), NSS 54th Round, January 1998 – June 1998, published in August 1999
Land and Labour
• A little more than half of total land mass of 328.73 million hectare in the country is used for agriculture. This includes 140.02 million ha net sown area under cultivation and 26.17 million ha for non-agricultural uses. Over the years there is a gradual increase in area under non-agricultural uses. During the last decade (1999-2000 to 2009-10), area under non-agricultural uses has increased by 2.57 million ha (11%). During the same period cultivable land has marginally declined by 1.4 million ha (0.8%) and net sown area has declined by 1.04 million ha (0.7%)*
• As per Agriculture Census 2010-11, small and marginal holdings of less than 2 hectare account for 85 percent of the total operational holdings and 44 percent of the total operated area. The average size of holdings for all operational classes (small & marginal, medium and large) have declined over the years and for all classes put together it has come down to 1.16 hectare in 2010-11 from 2.82 hectare in 1970-71*
• As per estimates of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (2010), out of total geographical area of 328.73 mha, about 120.40 mha is affected by various kind of land degradation resulting in annual soil loss of about 5.3 billion tonnes through erosion. This includes water and wind erosion (94.87 mha), water logging (0.91 mha), soil alkalinity/ sodicity (3.71 mha), soil acidity (17.93 mha), soil salinity (2.73 mha) and mining and industrial waste (0.26 mha). Besides, water and wind erosions are wide spread across the country. As much as 5.3 billion tonnes of soil gets eroded every year. Of the soil so eroded, 29% is permanently lost to sea, 10% is deposited in reservoirs reducing their storage capacity and rest 61% gets shifted from one place to another*
• Per capita availability of land has declined from 0.89 hectare in 1951 to 0.32 hectare in 2001 and is projected to further slide down to 0.20 hectare in 2035. As far as agricultural land is concerned, per capita availability of land has declined from 0.5 hectare in 1951 to 0.18 hectare in 2001 and is likely to decline further. The average land holding size which was about 1.33 ha in 2000-01 has declined to 1.16 ha during 2010-11*
• During the period 1950-51 to 2009-10, the percentage of land used for non agricultural purposes over reporting area has increased from 3.3 to 8.6%. During the last decade (1999-2000 to 2009-10), area under non-agricultural uses has increased by 2.57 million ha i.e. by 11%*
• States where proportion of land under non agricultural uses is higher than all India average (%) are West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Bihar including Jharkhand, Sikkim, Assam, Tripura, Goa, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, UP, Haryana and UTs like Chandigarh, Delhi, Pudduchery and Daman & Diu*
• About 52% of the total workforce is still employed by the farm sector which makes more than half of the Indian population dependant on agriculture for sustenance (NSS 66th Round)**
• Cropping intensity has gone up from 118 per cent in 1970-71 to 138 percent in 2008-09. Cropping intensity refers to raising of a number of crops from the same field during one agriculture year. It can be expressed as Cropping intensity = (Gross cropped area / Net sown area) x 100**
• During the last forty years (1970-71 to 2008-09) the net sown area has remained, by and large, constant at 141 million ha**
• It is reported that about 120 million ha land is degraded in India, and about 5334 million tonnes of soil is lost annually through soil erosion. Out of 120 million ha degraded area, water erosion accounts for 68 percent, chemical degradation 21 percent, wind erosion 10 percent and the rest physical degradation**
• It is estimated that by 2050, about 22 percent of the geographic area and 17 percent of the population will be under absolute water scarcity. The per capita availability of water which was about 1704 cubic metres in 2010 is projected to be 1235 cm in 2050**
• About 12 million ha area is waterlogged and floods prone in India, wherein the productivity of arable crops is severely affected**
Source:
* State of Indian Agriculture 2012-13,
http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/State
of Indian Agriculture 2012-13.pdf
** State of Indian Agriculture 2011-12,
Food Availability
• Though net availability of foodgrains (per day per capita) has increased from 394.9 grams in 1951 to 439.3 grams in 2007, there have been years when the net availability figures dipped to as low as 416.2 grams for example in 2001****
• Net availability of pulses, which is an important source of protein, has declined from 60.7 grams in 1951 to 29.4 grams per day in 2007****
• Net availability of rice (per day per capita) came down from over 200 grams during the 1990s to below 200 grams during the 2000s****
**** Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India
Price Situation
• The financial year 2012-13 started with a headline Wholesale Price Index (WPI) inflation of 7.50 per cent. It has remained in the 7.18 to 8.07 per cent range in the nine months up to December 2012
• Consumer price inflation for the major indices, which had declined to the range of 4.92 to 7.65 per cent in January 2011, however, started witnessing an increase since then
• Headline WPI inflation which averaged 9.56 per cent in 2010-11 and 8.94 per cent in 2011-2012 decelerated to 7.55 per cent in the first nine months of 2012-13 (Apr-Dec).
• Inflation in cereals which had moderated to a level of 2.73 per cent in Q3 of 2011-12 increased to 17.05 per cent in Q3 of 2012-13 mainly contributed by wheat, rice and maize
Source:
http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2012-13/echap-04.pdf
Migration
• Traditional rural-urban migration has seen a gradual increase, with its share in total migration rising from 16.5% to 21.1% between 1971 and 2001&&
• In India, 73 million people in rural areas have migrated from 1991–2001; of which 53 million have moved to other villages and 20 million to urban areas – a majority of them in search of work&&
• It is estimated that 98 million people moved within the country between 1991 & 2001&&
• On the basis of net migrants by last residence during the past decade (1991-2001), i.e., the difference between in–migration and out–migration, in each state, Maharastra stands at the top of the list with 2.3 million net migrants, followed by Delhi (1.7 million), Gujarat (0.68 million) and Haryana (0.67 million)+
• Uttar Pradesh (-2.6 million) and Bihar (-1.7 million) were the two states with largest number of net migrants migrating out of the state+
&&Managing the Exodus: Grounding Migration in India, American India Foundation, http://www.aifoundation.org/documents/Report-ManagingtheEx
odus.pdf
+Census 2001, http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/migrations.aspx
Poverty and Human Development
• During 2012 India positions 136 (HDI value 0.554) among 187 countries in terms of HDI ranking, whereas Pakistan ranks 146 (HDI value 0.515), China ranks 101 (HDI value 0.699), Sri Lanka ranks 92 (HDI value 0.715) and Bangladesh ranks 146 (HDI value 0.515). India fares worse than the average global value of 0.694 β
• India's ranking in terms of Gender Inequality Index is 132 (GII value 0.610) whereas in the same area Pakistan ranks 123 (GII value 0.567), China ranks 35 (GII value 0.213), Sri Lanka ranks 75 (GII value 0.402) and Bangladesh ranks 111 (GII value 0.518) β
• Life expectancy at birth in India was 65.4 years in 2011 as against 81.1 years in Norway, 81.9 years in Australia, 74.9 years in Sri Lanka, 73.5 years in China, and the global average of 69.8 years. However, it has increased by one percentage points from 64.4 in 2010 to 65.4 in 2011 €
• The National Human Development Report (NHDR) 2011 of the Institute of Applied Manpower Research and Planning Commission states that India’s HDI between 1999-2000 and 2007-8 has increased by 21 per cent, with an improvement of over 28 per cent in education being the main driver. The increase in HDI in the poorest states of India has been much sharper than the national average and hence the convergence in HDI across states €
• Expenditure on social services as a proportion of total expenditure increased from 22.4 per cent in 2007-8 to 24.7 percent in 2010-11 and further to 25 .1 per cent in 2012-13 (BE). Among social services, the share of expenditure on education has increased from 43.9 per cent in 2007-8 to 46.6 per cent in 2012-13 (BE), while that on health has fallen from 21.5 per cent to19.2 per cent. As a proportion of the gross domestic product (GDP), expenditure on social services increased from 5.91 per cent in 2007-8 to 6.79 percent in 2010-11 and further to 7.09 per cent in 2012-13(BE). While expenditure on education as a proportion of GDP has increased from 2.59 per cent in 2007-8 to 3.31 per cent in 2012-13 (BE), that on health has increased from 1.27 per cent in 2007-8 to 1.36 per cent in 2012-13 (BE) σ
• According to HDR 2011, inequality in India for the period 2000-11 in terms of the income Gini coefficient was 36.8. India’s Gini index was more favourable than those of comparable countries like South Africa (57.8), Brazil (53.9), Thailand (53.6), Turkey (39.7), China (41.5), Sri Lanka (40.3), Malaysia (46.2), Vietnam (37.6), and even the USA (40.8), Hong Kong (43.4), Argentina (45.8), Israel (39.2), and Bulgaria (45.3) which are otherwise ranked very high in human development €
• Based on the 66th round (2009-10) of the National Sample Survey (NSS), average Monthly per Capita Expenditure-MPCE [Modified Mixed Reference Period (MMRP) based] is Rs. 1054 and Rs. 1984 respectively for rural and urban India at the all India level indicating rural-urban income disparities. Out of the MPCE, the share of food is Rs. 600(57 per cent) and Rs. 881(44 per cent) for rural and urban India respectively which shows that food share is more in rural India as compared to urban India €
• Bihar has the lowest Monthly per Capita Expenditure (MPCE) both in rural and urban areas at Rs. 780 (with 65 per cent food share) and Rs. 1238 (with 53 per cent food share) respectively. In comparison, Kerala has the highest in both rural and urban areas at Rs. 1835 (with 46 per cent food share) and Rs. 2413 (with 40 per cent food share) respectively σ
• Agricultural labour households accounted for 41% of rural poor in 1993–94 as well as in 2004–05 %&
• Among social groups, Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and backward castes accounted for 80% of the rural poor in 2004–05 %&
• The number of poor in rural areas in the country as a whole has declined from 2613 lakhs in 1973 to 2209 lakhs in 2004–05 %&
• The Tendulkar Committee has estimated the poverty lines at all India level as an MPCE of Rs. 673 for rural areas and Rs. 860 for urban areas in 2009-10. Based on these cut-offs, the percentage of people living below the poverty line in the country has declined from 37.2 per cent in 2004-5 to 29.8 per cent in 2009-10. Even in absolute terms, the number of poor people has fallen by 52.4 million during this period. Of this, 48.1 million are rural poor and 4.3 million are urban poor. Thus poverty has declined on an average by 1.5 percentage points per year between 2004-5 and 2009-10. The annual average rate of decline during the period 2004-5 to 2009-10 is twice the rate of decline during the period 1993-4 to 2004-5 σ
• The poverty estimates indicate that the highest poverty headcount ratio (HCR) exists in Bihar at 53.5 per cent as against the national average of 29.8 per cent. In 2009-10 compared to 2004-5, Bihar has displaced Odisha as the poorest state, with Odisha's situation improving considerably in 2009-10. Lowest poverty is in Himachal Pradesh (9.5 per cent) followed by Kerala (12 per cent) σ
• The exact number of BPL households may vary according to the definition of poverty line one selects. In that case, it would be difficult to target the original BPL households under the new Food Security law. There are four different estimates for the number of BPL households: one by Prof. Arjun Sengupta (www.nceus.gov.in), another by Dr. NC Saxena (www.sccommissioners.org), World Bank estimates and the Planning Commission estimates %$
• According to Prof. Arjun Sengupta who chaired the National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector, 77% of the population of India lives below the poverty line. Dr. NC Saxena, a retired civil servant acting as a Commissioner appointed by the Supreme Court, feels that half the country’s population of 1.15 billion is below the poverty line, which he apparently defines as a monthly per capita income of Rs 700 in rural areas and Rs 1,000 in urban areas. While a Planning Commission estimate puts the number of below poverty line (BPL) families at 62.5 million, state governments estimate that this number is closer to 107 million. Some experts feel that availing the public with more number of BPL ration cards help the state-level politicians to win elections through populist means. The World Bank’s figure for the percentage of population below the poverty line in India is 42 per cent, based on 2005 data %$
• The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) has had positive outcomes for girl child education leading to an increase in the gender parity index (GPI) in primary (0.94) as well as upper primary (0.92) education €
• Enrolment of girls at primary level and upper primary level increased over the years. Data also shows that the number of girls in schools in the age group of 5-14 years has increased from 79.6 per cent in 2004-5 to 87.7 per cent in 2009-10 €
• The number of girls in the educational system in the 15-19 years age group increased from 40.3 per cent to 54.6 per cent and in the age group 20-24 years from 7.6 per cent to 12.8 per cent over the period 2004-05 to 2009-10 €
• According to India Human Development Report 2011, despite attaining high enrolment rates, the net attendance rates (NAR) remained low. Further, attendance at the upper primary level was lower compared to primary level. Therefore the challenge is to translate the high enrolment into high attendance rates.
• As per the India Human Development Report, fertility rates have come down and have reached replacement levels in a number of states; MMR has come down to 212 per 100,000 live births in 2009 from 301 in 2003. IMR, though still high, has fallen to 50 per 1000 in 2009. Institutional deliveries have risen from 39 per cent in 2006 to 78 per cent in 2009 €
• Infant mortality rate (IMR) which was 58 per thousand in the year 2005 has fallen to 44 in the year 2011. The number of rural households provided toilet facilities annually have increased from 6.21 lakh in 2002-3 to 88 lakh in 2011-12 σ
• Kerala is the best performer in terms of life expectancy at birth for both males (71.5 years) and females (76.9 years) whereas Assam is the worst performer for both males (61 years) and females (63.2 years) during 2006-10. Infant mortality rate (IMR) in 2011 is the lowest in Kerala (12) and highest in Madhya Pradesh (59) against the national average of 44. Birth rate is lowest in Kerala (15.2) and highest in Uttar Pradesh (27.8) against the national average of 21.8. Death rate is lowest in West Bengal (6.2) and highest in Odisha (8.5) against the national average of 7.1 σ
Source: β 2013 Human Development Report–"The Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World"
http://hdr.undp.org/hdr4press/press/outreach/figures/HDI_T
rends_2013.pdf
http://hdr.undp.org/hdr4press/press/outreach/figures/GII_T
rends_2013.pdf
http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2012-13/echap-13.pdf
http://indiabudget.nic.in/budget2012-2013/es2011-12/echap-13.pdf
%& 11th Five-Year Plan of the Planning Commission,
http://www.planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/
11th/11_v3/11v3_ch4.pdf
%$ Poverty of thought, http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/povertythought
/362649/
Rural Indebtedness
• Most of the indebted households were concentrated in the land classes of area size 0.01-0.40 hectares (i.e. constituted 30.0 percent of the total number of households), area 0.41-1.00 hectares (i.e. constituted 29.8 percent of the total number of households) and area 1.01-2.00 hectares (i.e. constituted 18.8 percent of the total number of households)#
• At the national level, 48.6 farmer households were indebted#
• The average amount of outstanding loan per farmer household at the national level stood at Rs. 12,585#
• Almost 66.4 percent households within the land class of area size >10.0 hectares and 65.1 percent households within the land class of area size 4.01-10.0 hectares were indebted#
• Percentage of indebted farmer households was highest in the state of Andhra Pradesh (82%), to be followed by Tamil Nadu (74.5%), Punjab (65.4%), Kerala (64.4%), Karnataka (61.6%) and Maharastra (54.8%)#
# Report No. 498(59/33/1), Situation Assessment Survey of Farmers: Indebtedness of Farmer Households, National Sample Survey 59th Round (January-December 2003)
International Comparisons
• India’s share in the world rice production was 21.51 percent during 2006, following China (29.01%)*****
• India’s share in the world wheat production was 11.44 percent during 2006, following China (17.24%)*****
• Yield of paddy in India was 3,124 kg per hectare during 2006, which was lower as compared to Bangladesh (3,904 kg per hectare), China (6,265 kg per hectare), Egypt (10,598 kg per hectare) and USA (7,694 kg per hectare)*****
• Yield of wheat in India was 2,619 kg per hectare during 2006, which was lower as compared to China (4,455 kg per hectare), Egypt (6,455 kg per hectare), France (6,740 kg per hectare) and USA (2,825 kg per hectare)*****
***** Food and Agriculture Organisation
Input Utilisation
• While per hectare fertilizers consumption is 243.56 kg in Punjab and 266.11 kg in Andhra Pradesh, it is comparatively low in MP (88.36 kg/ha), Orissa (56.52 kg/ha), Rajasthan (62.35 kg/ha) and Himachal Pradesh (55.18 kg/ha) and below 5 kg/ha in some of the North Eastern States.
• It is noteworthy that use of chemical pesticides in India is very low and estimated at only 381 grams per hectare (technical grade pesticide) when compared to the global average of 500 grams of technical grade pesticide per hectare.
• Different estimates show that more than 50% of consumption of pesticides is garnered by insecticides, whereas herbicides and fungicides together contribute about 30-40% of total pesticide consumption. Bio-pesticides usage has shown a steady increase in the last two decades to reach a consumption level of more than 6000 MTs during 2011-2012 as per information provided by the States.
• During 2011-12, a total of 7.96 lakh hectares was covered for pest monitoring activity. Similarly, the area coverage for augmentation and conservation of ‘friendly insects’ during 2011-12 was 7.60 lakhs hectares. During the same period, 1760 million bio-control agents were released which was the highest during the 11th Plan period.
• The ultimate irrigation potential in the country is estimated at about 140 million hectares. Of this, about 58.5 million hectare is from major and medium irrigation sources, and 81.5 million hectare is from minor irrigation sources (about 64.1 million hectare from groundwater irrigation and 17.4 million hectare from surface water). Groundwater provides about 70 percent of irrigation and 80 per cent of the drinking water supplies. The widening gap (about 15 %) between irrigation potential created and that being utilized is also a matter of concern.
• Decline in water level is observed mostly in northern, north western and eastern parts of the country in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Punjab and Haryana. Decline in water level has also been observed in parts of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. Decline in water level of more than 2m, which is considered to be significant is seen in parts of Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab, and western Uttar Pradesh, western Andhra Pradesh and North West part of Tamil Nadu. Out of 5842 numbers of assessed administrative units (Blocks/ Taluks/ Mandals/ Districts), 802 units are Over-exploited, 169 units are Critical, 523 units are Semi-critical.
• It is estimated that quality of seed accounts for 20-25% of productivity. The organized sector comprising of both the private and public sector accounts for about 15 to 20% of the total seed distributed in the country. The remaining portion is contributed by the unorganized sector comprising mainly of farm-saved seeds.
• Among top ten countries, USA is leading by occupying 690 lakh ha cultivating eight GM crops (Maize, soybean, cotton, canola, sugar beet, alfalfa, papaya and squash) followed by Brazil (303 lakh ha – Soybean, maize, cotton), Argentina (237 lakh ha – Soybean, maize, cotton), India (106 lakh ha – Cotton), China (39 lakh ha – Cotton, papaya, poplar, tomato, sweet pepper), Canada (104 lakh ha – Canola, maize, soybean and sugar beet), Paraguay (28 lakh ha – Soybean), Pakistan (26 lakh ha-Cotton), South Africa (23 lakh ha-Maize, soybean, cotton) and Uruguay (13 lakh ha-Soybean, maize).
• Besides, an impressive improvement in the productivity of Bt. Cotton, by 15% to 30% as compared to Non-Bt. Cotton, there has been a significant reduction in the usages of insecticide, from 46% in 2001 to 21% during 2009-2010 due to the adoption of transgenic technology.
• The tractor density in India is about 16 tractors for 1,000 hectares, as against the world average of 19 tractors and that in USA 27 tractors per one thousand hectare of cropped area. Small and marginal farmers who cultivate about 85 per cent of the holdings and account for nearly 44 per cent of the total cultivates area cannot afford high cost agricultural machines.
• Agriculture credit flow has increased from Rs.86981 crore in 2003-04 to Rs. 468291 crore in 2010-11. The target for the 2011-12 was fixed at Rs.475000 crore and achievement is Rs.511029 crore forming more than 107% of the target. The target of credit flow for the year 2012-13 has been fixed at Rs. 575000 crore and achievement as on September, 2012 is Rs. 239629 crore.
• The formal financial institutions accounted for about 66 per cent of the total credit to cultivator households by the early 1990s. However, the share of formal institutional credit to agriculture witnessed some reversal during the period between 1991 and 2002 which was partly due to a contraction in rural branch network in the 1990s, and partly due to the general rigidities in procedures and systems of institutional sources of credit.
• During the last twenty five crop seasons (i.e. from Rabi 1999-2000 to Rabi 2011-12), 1930 lakh farmers have been covered over an area of 2915 lakh hectares (National Agriculture Insurance Scheme-MNAIS) insuring a sum amounting to Rs. 2555309 crore. Claims to the tune of about Rs. 24528 crore have become payable against the premium income of about Rs. 7698 crore benefiting about 505 lakh farmers. The National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS) and modified NAIS (MNAIS) provide risk coverage of the crops on the basis of their yield.
• The Modified National Agriculture Insurance Scheme (MNAIS) has been implemented in 50 districts and 44 districts during Rabi 2011-12 and Kharif 2012 seasons respectively. From Rabi 2010-11 to Rabi 2011-12 (three seasons), 15.38 lakh farmers have been covered over an area of 16.57 lakh hectares insuring a sum amounting to Rs. 3865 crore. Claims to the tune of about Rs. 112 crore have become payable against the premium of about Rs. 323 crore benefiting about 1.45 lakh farmers.
• The Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme (WBCIS) is being implemented in 230 districts in 16 States. From Kharif 2007 to Rabi 2011-12, 243 lakh farmers have been covered over an area of 338 lakh hectares insuring a sum amounting to Rs. 42888.99 crore. Claims to the tune of about Rs. 117.91 crore have become payable against the premium of about Rs. 2291.75 crore benefiting about 122 lakh farmers.
Source: State of Indian Agriculture 2012-13,
http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/State
of Indian Agriculture 2012-13.pdf
Disparities
• Almost 72.2% of the Indian population resides in rural areas*+
• 56.9 percent of the population originates from the age group 15-59 years*+
• Almost 29.3 percent males and 53.9 percent females in rural India are illiterate
• Literacy rate in India stands at 64.8 percent*+
• Rural India (58.7 percent) is less literate than urban India (79.9 percent) *+
• Male literacy rate (75.3 percent) exceeds female literacy rate (53.7 percent) *+
• Kerala (90.9 percent) is the state with the highest literacy rate and Bihar (47.0) is the state with the lowest literacy rate*+
• Sex ratio in rural India is 946 females per 1,000 males, while sex ration in urban India is 900 females per 1,000 males*+
• Kerala (1,058 females per 1,000 males) is the state with the highest sex ratio and Haryana (861 females per 1,000 males) is the state with the lowest sex ratio*+
• Work participation rate among males (51.7 percent) exceed work participation rate among females (25.6 percent) *+
• The highest number of disabled has been reported from the state of Uttar Pradesh (3.6 million) *+
*+Census India 2001, www.censusindia.gov.in
Basic Indicators
• Under-5 mortality rank 49
• Under-5 mortality rate, 1990 117
• Under-5 mortality rate, 2007 72
• Infant mortality rate (under 1), 1990 83
• Infant mortality rate (under 1), 2007 54
• Neonatal mortality rate, 2004 39
• Total population (thousands), 2007 1169016
• Annual no. of births (thousands), 2007 27119
• Annual no. of under-5 deaths (thousands), 2007 1953
• GNI per capita (US$), 2007 950
• Life expectancy at birth (years), 2007 64
• Total adult literacy rate (%), 2000–2007* 66
• Primary school net enrolment/ attendance (%), 2000–2007* 83
• % share of household income 1995–2005*, lowest 40% 19
• % share of household income 1995–2005*, highest 20% 45
Nutrition
• % of infants with low birthweight, 2000–2007* 28
• % of children (2000–2007*) who are: exclusively breastfed (<6 months) 46
• % of children (2000–2007*) who are: breastfed with complementary food (6–9 months) 57
• % of children (2000–2007*) who are: still breastfeeding (20–23 months) 77
• % of under-fives (2000–2007*) suffering from: underweight† (WHO ref. pop.): moderate ; & severe 43
• % of under-fives (2000–2007*) suffering from: underweight† (NCHS/WHO): moderate ; & severe 46
• % of under-fives (2000–2007*) suffering from: wasting? (NCHS/WHO): moderate ; & severe 19
• % of under-fives (2000–2007*) suffering from: stunting? (NCHS/WHO): moderate ; & severe 38
• Vitamin A supplementation coverage rate (6–59 months) 2007: at least one dose‡ (%) 53
• Vitamin A supplementation coverage rate (6–59 months) 2007: full coverage? (%) 33
• % of households consuming iodized salt: 2000–2007* 51
Health
• % of population using improved drinking-water sources, 2006, total 89
• % of population using improved drinking-water sources, 2006, urban 96
• % of population using improved drinking-water sources, 2006, rural 86
• % of population using improved sanitation facilities, 2006, total 28
• % of population using improved sanitation facilities, 2006, urban 52
• % of population using improved sanitation facilities, 2006, rural 18
• % of routine EPI vaccines financed by government, 2007, total 100
• Immunization 2007: 1-year-old children immunized against: TB: corresponding vaccines: BCG 85
• Immunization 2007: 1-year-old children immunized against: DPT: corresponding vaccines:DPT1b 81
• Immunization 2007: 1-year-old children immunized against: DPT: corresponding vaccines: DPT3b 62
• Immunization 2007: 1-year-old children immunized against: Polio: corresponding vaccines: polio 362
• Immunization 2007: 1-year-old children immunized against: Measles: corresponding vaccines: measles 67
• Immunization 2007: 1-year-old children immunized against: HepB: corresponding vaccines: HepB 36
• Immunization 2007: % newborns protected against tetanus 86
• % under-fives with suspected pneumonia taken to an appropriate health-care provider, 2000–2007* 69
• % under-fives with suspected pneumonia taken to an appropriate health-care provider, 2000–2007* 13
• % under-fives with diarrhoea receiving oral rehydration and continued feeding, 2000–2007* 33
• Malaria 2003–2007*, % under-fives with fever receiving anti-malarial drugs 8
HIV/ AIDS
• Estimated adult HIV prevalence rate (aged 15–49), 2007 0.3
• Estimated number of people (all ages) living with HIV, 2007 (thousands), estimate 2400
• Estimated number of people (all ages) living with HIV, 2007 (thousands), low estimate 1800
• Estimated number of people (all ages) living with HIV, 2007 (thousands), high estimate 3200
• Mother-to-child transmission, Estimated number of women (aged 15+) living with HIV, 2007 (thousands) 880
• Prevention among young people, HIV prevalence among young people (aged 15–24), 2007, male 0.3
• Prevention among young people, HIV prevalence among young people (aged 15–24), 2007, female 0.3
• Prevention among young people, % who have comprehensive knowledge of HIV, 2002–2007*, male 36
• Prevention among young people, % who have comprehensive knowledge of HIV, 2002–2007*, female 20
• Prevention among young people, % who used condom at last higher-risk sex, 2002–2007*, male 37
• Prevention among young people, % who used condom at last higher-risk sex, 2002–2007*, female 22
• Orphans, Children (aged 0–17) orphaned due to all causes, 2007, estimate (thousands) 25000
• Orphans, Orphan school attendance ratio, 2002–2007* 72
Education
• Youth (15–24 years) literacy rate, 2000–2007*, male 87
• Youth (15–24 years) literacy rate, 2000–2007*, female 77
• Number per 100 population, 2006, phones 15
• Number per 100 population, 2006, Internet users 11
• Primary school enrolment ratio 2000–2007*, gross, male 114
• Primary school enrolment ratio 2000–2007*, gross, female 109
• Primary school enrolment ratio 2000–2007*, gross, male 90
• Primary school enrolment ratio 2000–2007*, gross, female 87
• Primary school attendance ratio 2000–2007*, net, male 85
• Primary school attendance ratio 2000–2007*, net, female 81
• Survival rate to last primary grade (%); 2000–2007*, admin. data 73
• Survival rate to last primary grade (%); 2000–2007*, survey data 95
• Secondary school enrolment ratio 2000–2007*, gross, male 59
• Secondary school enrolment ratio 2000–2007*, gross, female 49
• Secondary school attendance ratio 2000–2007*, net, male 59
• Secondary school attendance ratio 2000–2007*, net, female 49
Demographic Indicators
• Population annual growth rate (%), 1970–1990 2.2
• Population annual growth rate (%), 1990–2007 1.8
• Crude death rate, 1970 16
• Crude death rate, 1990 10
• Crude death rate, 2007 8
• Crude birth rate, 1970 38
• Crude birth rate, 1990 32
• Crude birth rate, 2007 23
• Life expectancy, 1970 49
• Life expectancy, 1990 59
• Life expectancy, 2007 64
• Total fertility rate, 2007 2.8
• % of population urbanized, 2007 29
• Average annual growth rate of urban population (%), 1970–1990 3.5
• Average annual growth rate of urban population (%), 1990–2007 2.8
Economic Indicators
• GNI per capita (US$), 2007 950
• GDP per capita average annual growth rate (%), 1970–1990 2.1
• GDP per capita average annual growth rate (%), 1990–2007 4.5
• Average annual rate of inflation (%), 1990–2007 6
• % of population below international poverty line of US$1.25 per day, 2005 42
• % of central government expenditure (1997–2006*) allocated to: defence 14
• % of central government expenditure (1997–2006*) allocated to: health 2
• % of central government expenditure (1997–2006*) allocated to: education 4
• ODA inflow in millions US$, 2006 1379
• ODA inflow as a % of recipient GNI, 2006 0
• Debt service as a % of exports of goods and services, 1990 25
• Debt service as a % of exports of goods and services, 2006 7
Women
• Life expectancy: females as a % of males, 2007 105
• Adult literacy rate: females as a % of males, 2000–2007* 71
• Enrolment and attendance ratios: females as a % of males , Net primary school 2000–2007*, attending 96
• Enrolment and attendance ratios: females as a % of males , Net secondary school 2000–2007*, attending 83
• Contraceptive prevalence (%), 2000–2007* 56
• Antenatal care coverage (%), At least once, 2000–2007* 74
• Antenatal care coverage (%), At least four times, 2000–2007* 37
• Delivery care coverage (%), Skilled attendant at birth, 2000–2007* 47
• Delivery care coverage (%), Institutional delivery, 2000–2007* 39
• Maternal mortality ratio†, 2000–2007* reported 300
• Maternal mortality ratio†, 2005, adjusted 450
• Maternal mortality ratio†, 2005, Lifetime risk of maternal death. 1 in: 70
Child Protection
• Child labour ; (5–14 years) 1999–2007*, total 12
• Child labour ; (5–14 years) 1999–2007*, male 12
• Child labour ; (5–14 years) 1999–2007*, female 12
• Child marriage ; 1998–2007*, total 47
• Child marriage ; 1998–2007*, urban 29
• Child marriage ; 1998–2007*, rural 56
• Birth registration ; 2000–2007*, total 41
• Birth registration ; 2000–2007*, urban 59
• Birth registration ; 2000–2007*, rural 35
• Attitudes towards domestic violence 2001–2007*, total 54
The Rate of Progress
• Under-5 mortality rank 49
• Under-5 mortality rate, 1970 190
• Under-5 mortality rate, 1990 117
• Under-5 mortality rate, 2007 72
• Average annual rate of reduction (%)T, 1970–1990 2.4
• Average annual rate of reduction (%)T, 1990–2007 2.9
• GDP per capita average annual growth rate (%), 1970–1990 2.1
• GDP per capita average annual growth rate (%), 1990–2007 4.5
• Total fertility rate, 1970 5.4
• Total fertility rate, 1990 4
• Total fertility rate, 2007 2.8
• Average annual rate of reduction (%), 1970–1990 1.5
• Average annual rate of reduction (%), 1990–2007 2
Mortality rate
• Under-5 mortality rate (2007), Value 72
• Under-5 mortality rate (2007), Rank 49
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